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<p>Biography xi</p> <p>Preface xiii</p> <p><b>1 Background and Basic Knowledge of Perovskite Solar Cells 1<br /> </b><i>Maria Vasilopoulou, Abd Rashid B. Mohd Yusoff, and Mohammad K. Nazeeruddin</i></p> <p>1.1 Background 1</p> <p>1.2 The Principle of Solar Cells 2</p> <p>1.2.1 Silicon Solar Cells 2</p> <p>1.2.2 Dye-sensitized Solar Cells 7</p> <p>1.2.3 Organic Solar Cells 9</p> <p>1.2.4 Perovskite Solar Cells 11</p> <p>1.3 The Typical Structures of PSC 13</p> <p>1.3.1 Mesoscopic Structure 13</p> <p>1.3.2 Triple-mesoscopic Layer Structure 14</p> <p>1.3.3 Regular Planar n-i-p Structure 15</p> <p>1.3.4 Inverted Planar p-i-n Structure 15</p> <p>References 15</p> <p><b>2 Characterization Methods and Technologies for Halide Perovskite Materials and Devices 19<br /> </b><i>Lukas Wagner, Dmitry Bogachuk, Cheng Qiu, Gayathri Mathiazhagan, Salma Zouhair, and Andreas Hinsch</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 19</p> <p>2.2 Printing Layer Quality 19</p> <p>2.2.1 Thickness Measurement 19</p> <p>2.2.1.1 Profilometry 20</p> <p>2.2.1.2 Sem 20</p> <p>2.2.1.3 Ellipsometry 20</p> <p>2.2.2 Porosity Estimation 21</p> <p>2.2.2.1 Gas Adsorption (BET Method) 21</p> <p>2.2.2.2 SEM/FIB 3D Nanotomography 22</p> <p>2.2.3 Sheet Resistance 23</p> <p>2.2.3.1 Four-point Probe Measurement 23</p> <p>2.2.4 Shunt Resistance of Unfilled Cell 24</p> <p>2.3 Material and Crystal Properties 25</p> <p>2.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis 25</p> <p>2.3.2 UV–Vis–NIR Spectroscopy 25</p> <p>2.3.3 Raman Shift Spectroscopy 26</p> <p>2.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) 28</p> <p>2.3.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 28</p> <p>2.3.4.2 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) 30</p> <p>2.3.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 31</p> <p>2.3.6 Contact Angle Measurement 32</p> <p>2.4 Spatially Resolved Steady-state Photophysical Methods 33</p> <p>2.4.1 Photoluminescence Microscopy Imaging 34</p> <p>2.4.2 Microscopic Photoluminescence Spectroscopy Mapping 35</p> <p>2.4.3 Electroluminescence Imaging 36</p> <p>2.4.4 Bias-dependent Photoluminescence Imaging 37</p> <p>2.4.5 Real-time Photoluminescence Measurement 37</p> <p>2.4.6 Dark Lock-in Thermography (DLIT) 39</p> <p>2.4.7 Light-Beam-Induced Current (LBIC) 42</p> <p>2.5 Transient Optoelectronic Methods 42</p> <p>2.5.1 Intensity-modulated Photocurrent/Photovoltage Spectroscopy (imps/imvs) 42</p> <p>2.5.2 Transient Photocurrent/Photovoltage (TPC/TPV) 43</p> <p>2.5.3 Open-circuit Voltage Decay (OCVD) Analysis for Shunt Detection 44</p> <p>2.5.4 Transient Absorption Spectroscopy (TAS) 45</p> <p>2.5.5 Time-resolved Photoluminescence (TRPL) 46</p> <p>2.5.5.1 Typical Setup: Pulsed (Transient) Excitation 46</p> <p>2.5.5.2 Alternative Setup: Steady-state Excitation 46</p> <p>2.5.5.3 Some Notes on Sample Preparation 49</p> <p>2.5.6 Note on the Extension to Spatially Resolved Measurements 50</p> <p>2.6 I–V Performance: Transient and Steady State 50</p> <p>2.6.1 I–V Characterization 50</p> <p>2.6.2 I–V Hysteresis 51</p> <p>2.6.3 Stabilized Efficiency Measurement 52</p> <p>2.6.4 Spectral Response/External Quantum Efficiency (SR/EQE) 52</p> <p>2.6.5<br /> <i>V Oc Vs. Light Intensity Measurement 54</i></p> <p>2.6.6 Effect of Parallel and Series Resistance R p 55</p> <p>2.6.7 Effect of Saturation Current J 01 and J 02 56</p> <p>2.6.8 Certification of PV Performance 57</p> <p>2.6.9 Long-term Stability Measurement 58</p> <p>References 59</p> <p><b>3 Printable Processing Technologies for Perovskite Solar Cells 65<br /> </b><i>Daiyu Li, Anyi Mei, Yue Hu, and Hongwei Han</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 65</p> <p>3.2 Solution-Based Technologies 67</p> <p>3.2.1 Spin Coating 67</p> <p>3.2.2 Blade Coating 68</p> <p>3.2.3 Slot-Die Coating 69</p> <p>3.2.4 Bar Coating 72</p> <p>3.2.5 Spray Coating 73</p> <p>3.2.6 Inkjet Printing 75</p> <p>3.2.7 Screen Printing 76</p> <p>3.2.8 Chemical Bath Deposition 78</p> <p>3.2.9 Soft-Cover Deposition 79</p> <p>3.2.10 Brush Painting 80</p> <p>3.3 Conclusion and Outlook 82</p> <p>References 83</p> <p><b>4 Mesoscopic Anodes and Cathodes for Printable Perovskite Solar Cells 89<br /> </b><i>Seigo Ito and Ryuki Tsuji</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 89</p> <p>4.2 Fabrication Methods 90</p> <p>4.3 Comact Layer (TiO₂) 92</p> <p>4.4 Mesoporous Anodes (n-Type Semiconductor: TiO₂ ,etc.) 95</p> <p>4.5 Mesoporous Cathodes (NiO and Co₃ O₄) 99</p> <p>4.6 Back-Contact Porous Carbon 100</p> <p>4.7 Photovoltaic Measurements 102</p> <p>4.8 Conclusion 103</p> <p>References 103</p> <p><b>5 Insulating Layers for Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells 105<br /> </b><i>Jian Zhang, Dongjie Wang, and Yuli Xiong</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 105</p> <p>5.2 ZrO₂ -Insulating Mesoscopic Layers 106</p> <p>5.3 Al₂ O₃ -Insulating Mesoscopic Layers 117</p> <p>5.4 SiO₂ -Insulating Mesoscopic Layers 121</p> <p>5.5 Multilayer Insulating Mesoscopic Layers 124</p> <p>5.5.1 Al₂ O₃ + ZrO₂ 124</p> <p>5.5.2 Al₂ O₃ + NiO 126</p> <p>5.5.3 ZrO₂ + NiO 128</p> <p>5.6 Conclusion and Perspective 130</p> <p>References 132</p> <p><b>6 Perovskite Materials and Perovskite Solar Cells 137<br /> </b><i>Maria Vasilopoulou, Abd Rashid B. Mohd Yusoff, and Mohammad K. Nazeeruddin</i></p> <p>6.1 Perovskite Materials 137</p> <p>6.1.1 3D Halide Perovskites 137</p> <p>6.1.2 2D Halide Perovskites 142</p> <p>6.1.3 Synthesis of Halide Perovskites 144</p> <p>6.2 Compositional and Interfacial Engineering of Perovskite Solar Cells 147</p> <p>6.2.1 Solvent Engineering 147</p> <p>6.2.2 Cation Optimization 150</p> <p>6.2.3 Halide Optimization 151</p> <p>6.2.4 Stoichiometric and Nonstoichiometric Compositions 151</p> <p>6.2.5 The Influence of Inorganic Cations on the Formation of Different Phases 153</p> <p>6.2.6 Halide Segregation 155</p> <p>6.2.7 Interface Engineering 155</p> <p>6.2.8 Charge Transfer Dynamics 157</p> <p>References 157</p> <p><b>7 The Efficiency Progress in Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells 167<br /> </b><i>Xufeng Xiao, Wenhao Zhang, Qifei Wang, Wenjun Wu, and Yue Hu</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 167</p> <p>7.2 Solvent Engineering and Annealing 169</p> <p>7.2.1 Solvent Engineering 169</p> <p>7.2.2 Solvent Annealing 174</p> <p>7.3 Composition Engineering 178</p> <p>7.3.1 The A-Site Cation 178</p> <p>7.3.2 The B-Site Cation and X-Site Anion 180</p> <p>7.4 Additive Engineering 183</p> <p>7.4.1 Functional Molecular Additives 183</p> <p>7.4.2 Other Additives 187</p> <p>7.5 Interfaces Engineering 190</p> <p>7.5.1 Interface of Perovskite and Electron Transport Materials 191</p> <p>7.5.2 Interface of Perovskite and Counter Electrode 193</p> <p>7.6 Conclusion and Outlook 198</p> <p>References 198</p> <p><b>8 Stability Issues and Solutions for Perovskite Solar Cells 209<br /> </b><i>Deyi Zhang, Anyi Mei, and Hongwei Han</i></p> <p>8.1 Substrate 210</p> <p>8.2 Electron Transport Layer 210</p> <p>8.3 Hole Transport Layer 212</p> <p>8.4 Back Electrode 212</p> <p>8.5 Encapsulant 215</p> <p>8.6 Halide Perovskite Light Absorbing Layer 216</p> <p>8.6.1 Thermal Stability 216</p> <p>8.6.2 Phase Stability 217</p> <p>8.6.3 Ambient Stability 218</p> <p>8.6.4 Operational Stability 219</p> <p>8.6.4.1 Degradation Pathways 219</p> <p>8.6.4.2 Heat Management 222</p> <p>8.6.4.3 Grain Boundary Modification 223</p> <p>8.6.4.4 Interface Strengthening 223</p> <p>8.6.4.5 Defect Degeneration 225</p> <p>8.6.4.6 Reverse-bias Voltages 226</p> <p>8.7 Summary 227</p> <p>References 228</p> <p><b>9 Manufacture, Modules, and Applications 237<br /> </b><i>Simone Meroni and Trystan Watson</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 237</p> <p>9.2 Manufacture 240</p> <p>9.2.1 Screen Printing 240</p> <p>9.2.1.1 Ink Properties 243</p> <p>9.2.1.2 Mesh Characteristics 243</p> <p>9.2.1.3 Gap Between Screen and Substrate 244</p> <p>9.2.1.4 A Case Study: TiO₂ <i>245</i></p> <p>9.2.2 Deposition of the Compact TiO₂ 246</p> <p>9.2.3 Deposition of the Mesoscopic Layers 248</p> <p>9.2.4 Deposition of Additional Interlayers 248</p> <p>9.2.5 Infiltration of Perovskite 249</p> <p>9.3 Modules 250</p> <p>9.3.1 Designs 251</p> <p>9.3.2 Optimization 253</p> <p>9.3.2.1 A Simplified Approach 253</p> <p>9.3.2.2 2D Poisson’s Equation 255</p> <p>9.3.2.3 Carbon Cells and Contact Resistance 258</p> <p>9.4 Applications 258</p> <p>9.4.1 Modules Performance 258</p> <p>9.4.2 Encapsulation and Outdoor Performance 259</p> <p>9.4.3 Indoor Applications 261</p> <p>9.5 Summary 262</p> <p>References 263</p> <p><b>10 Perspective 269<br /> </b><i>Xiayan Chen, Yue Hu, Anyi Mei, Yinhua Zhou, and Hongwei Han</i></p> <p>10.1 Commercializing 269</p> <p>10.2 Exceeding SQ Limit 270</p> <p>10.3 Efficiency Breaking Out of SQ Limit 273</p> <p>References 274</p> <p>Index 277</p>

<p><i><b>Hongwei Han </b>is a Professor at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. He is the inventor of printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells.</i> <p><i><b>Michael Grätzel </b>is a Professor at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne. He is a pioneer in the field of molecular photovoltaics and the development of perovskite solar cells.</i> <p><i><b>Anyi Mei, PhD, </b>is a Professor at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. His research is focused on printed mesoscopic solar cell materials and devices.</i> <p><i><b>Yue Hu, PhD, </b>is an Associate Professor at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Her research interest is dye-sensitized solar cells and perovskite solar cells.</i>

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